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Parasola auricoma
''Parasola auricoma'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described scientifically in 1886, the species is found in Europe, Japan, and North America. The small, umbrella-shaped fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus grow in grass or woodchips and are short-lived, usually collapsing with age in a few hours. The caps are up to wide, initially elliptical before flattening out, and colored reddish-brown to greyish, depending on their age and hydration. They are pleated with radial grooves extending from the center to the edge of the cap. The slender, whitish stems are up to long and a few millimeters thick. Microscopically, ''P. auricoma'' is characterized by the presence of ''setae'' (thick-walled bristles) in its cap cuticle. This characteristic, in addition to the relatively large, ellipsoid spores can be used to distinguish it from other morphologically similar ''Parasola'' species.
==Taxonomy==
The species was first described in 1886 by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard as ''Coprinus auricomus''.〔 It was transferred to ''Parasola'' in 2001 when molecular phylogenetics was used to sort the coprinoid genera (i.e., ''Coprinus'' and the segregate genera ''Coprinopsis'', ''Coprinellus'', and ''Parasola'') into natural monophyletic groups.〔 According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, ''Parasola hansenii'', described by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1915 and named in honor of Danish mycologist Emil Christian Hansen,〔 is a facultative synonym (based on a different type).〔 Although this synonymy is accepted by several authorities,〔〔 P.D. Orton and Roy Watling disagree, suggesting that ''C. hansenii'' is a forgotten species that requires reanalysis.〔
In a 2010 study of the type material of several coprinoid taxa, Laszlo Nagy and colleagues assigned Patouillard's plate 453 (containing the original description) as the lectotype for ''P. auricoma'', as they believed it to be "sufficiently diagnostic for a clear-cut definition of this taxon."〔 They also determined that ''Pseudocoprinus besseyi'' and ''Coprinus elongatipes'' (both species were described in a 1946 publication by Alexander H. Smith and Lexemuel Ray Hesler〔) were conspecific with ''P. auricoma''.〔
The placement of ''P. auricoma'' within ''Parasola'' is somewhat controversial.〔 It has often been classified in the section ''Auricomi'', a grouping of species characterized by the absence of a veil, and the occasional presence of caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem), pileocystidia (cystidia on the cap surface), or dark setae-like elements.〔〔 Several molecular phylogenetics studies have confirmed its inclusion in the ''Parasola'' clade,〔〔〔 but its relationship to other members of the group have not been fully resolved due to limited sampling. A recent analysis suggests that in the phylogenetic tree of ''Parasola'', ''P. auricoma'' and ''P. conopilus'' form a tritomy with the crown ''Parasola'' species.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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